WATER HARVESTING
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| Water harvesting structure in dryland |
■ The process of collecting runoff during the period of maximum precipitation in a storage tank pond is known as collecting water.
■ it is the process of collecting run-off water from the surface of treated or untreated land or roofs and storing it in an open agricultural pond or closed water tanks or on the ground itself for irrigation purposes.
■ collecting and storing water for later use is known as water harvesting is a method of inducing harvested storage and conserving local surface runoff for agriculture in the arid and semi-arid region the whole system water collection has three components the catchment area there is a storage facility and a command area.
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The catchment area is the part of the land that supplies rainwater. There is a storage facility which is a place where run-off water is stored from when it is collected until it is used. The command area is where the water is used.
■ Water collection is carried out in both arid and semi-arid regions with some differences. In the arid region, the catchment area or catchment area is substantially larger than the command area. In reality, the runoff is induced in the catchment area in a retail store and where, as in the semi-arid region, the runoff is not induced into the catchment area, but only the excess rainfall is collected and stored. However, various methods of water collection are affected in both arid and semi-arid regions.
RUNOFF INDUCTION
a. Alternating soil: - the removal of rocks and vegetation and the compaction of the soil surface can increase runoff. However, soil alternation can lead to soil erosion, except when the slope is reduced when erosion is not excessive and low cost hilly soils are available, soil alternation can be a very economical way to harvest. rain water on a ground.
B. Chemical Treatment: A promising way to collect rainwater is to treat the soil with a chemical that fills it and makes it water-repellent. Some materials used for this purpose are the sodium salt of silicon letex, asphalt and wax.
WATER COLLECTION METHOD
The different methods of water collection that are followed in arid and semi-arid regions are discussed sparingly.
ARID REGION: - The catchment area should provide sufficient water to ensure that the crop and type of crop practiced make the best use of water in suitable mild perennial crops as they have a deep root system capable of utilizing the water flow stored in the soil that does not it loses by evaporation.
a. Water Spread: - In arid areas, water is lost in the region and floods caused by a sudden power outage can often be devastating in areas that would not otherwise be affected by the storm.
Grassed waterways:- these are drainage channel other developed by shaping the existing train is way or constructed separately for effecting drainage of agricultural land. They are used to handle runoff, discharge from grated burns, broadbase terrace and bench terrace.
Objective of grassed waterways
1. To provide drainage to agricultural land.
2. To convert unstable channel or gullies into a stable channel by providing grass cover.
3. For leading water at non-erosive velocity in to farm pound.
Grassy watercourses: - are other drainage channels developed to model the existing railway track or built separately to drain agricultural land. They are used to handle runoff, lattice burn discharges, wide base decks, and bench decks.
Target for grassy streams
1. Provide drainage for agricultural land.
2. Convert unstable gutters or gutters into stable gutters providing a grass cover.
3. To bring water to a non-erosive rate per kilo of the farm. Grassy streams are typically dug to a shallow depth of 0.15 to 0.5. They are built a season or two before the construction of the terraces on the canal.
Forest measures: - Forest soils are generally found at higher altitudes where slopes are steeper, soils are less stable and easily eroded and rainfall is abundant. The leaves and branches of trees and shrubs intercept rain and reduce the impact of raindrops.
Contour trenches and reforestation are recommended to improve forest productivity. Excavation is done by digging a trench along the contour and forming an earth bank with rainwater which helps in the trenches for some time and facilitates the growth of vegetation. Plants are planted in ditches using water. Suitable tree species are Pinus patula, Pinus kesia, Acassia nilotica, Eucalyptus, etc.
B. Micro-catchment areas: - In dry lands, the amount of rain is not enough for the cultivation of crops if the cultivation of trees is possible in the development of micro-basins around the tree will improve the storage of rain and increase the surrender. On sloping ground and this type of basin could develop along the slope.
■ For the cultivation of trees according to the cavity, the available catchment areas are formed. It is used to make the water rain where it falls and to encourage the growth of trees, for the flat and hilly area where the shape of the Bund was decided.
■ The micro-basin size of 5 x 5 m and the rainfall quantity of 20 mm will give 500 liters of water.
Circular and semicircular basins
1. It is suitable for fruit crops.
2. Clusters were formed individually for each tree.
3. . Circular clustering is recommended for flat areas, while neglected grounds with semi-circular crescent clustering.
4. The distance between the packs depends on the distance between the trees.
V ditches
■ V-shaped trenches are formed on the ground at intervals of 4 to 6 m with the help of machines or drowned animals. Below the line of trenches covered with bundles of earth and trees planted in the wells according to the necessary distances.
C. Traditional water collection system: - Tanka, nadi, khadin are the important traditional water collection system of rajasthan. Tanka is an underground cistern built for the collection and storage of runoff water from natural basins or artificial basins or roofs. The cleaning of the vertical wall is carried out with stone or cementitious concrete masonry and the base with 10 cm thick concrete. The tank capacity varies from 1000 to 6 lakh.
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| Water harvesting structure in dryland |
[ Images credit by:- Wikimedia common]
■ It is built to store naturally derived water. Nadi's capacity ranges from 1,200 cubic meters to 15,000 cubic meters. It is a unique land use system in which runoff water from the rock basin is collected at the valley floor during the rainy season. Crops are grown in the winter season after the water withdraws into the shallow pond due to residual moisture.
Horticulturals crops:-
PLANTING PITS-ZAI AND HALF MOON TECHNIQUE
Both the zai and the crescent intervene in domestic animals (from 20 to 40 cm and 10-15 then a Zai and about 2 meters in diameter for the crescent) to accumulate water before subsequent sowing with or without the application of organic resources such compound plant residues and animal manure. The zai and crescent moon remain common among many small farming communities during the dry season, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and high temperatures.
SEMIARID REGION: The water collection techniques followed in the semi-arid areas are numerous and also ancient.
A. Dug wells: - Hand dug wells have been used to collect and store underground water and this water is taken for irrigation. The water quality is generally poor due to the dissolved salt.
B. Reservoirs: - Water from the slopes and forest runoff is collected on the aircraft in reservoirs. The traditional tank system has the following components such as the storage catchment basin, the tank tank spillway and the command area. They are not waters from the catchment area that are collected and stored in a storage tank on the plane with the help of the Bund. To avoid preaching, overflow channels are provided at one or both ends of the reservoir to remove excess water.
C. Percolation tanks: - River bales are sorted for large ravines and the water is weighed. Soil water seeps into the soil and raises the region's water table. The improved water level in the well below the coffee tank is used for supplemental irrigation.
D. Agricultural ponds: these are the small storage facility for the collection and storage of runoff water. According to its constructive instability, two different topographical conditions of a pond are classified:-
1. The excavated agricultural pond is suitable for flat topography.
2. Embankment pond for mountainous terrain.
3. Excavated semen embankment ponds.
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