MICRO SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION
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| Microsystem of irrigation |
DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
■ Drip irrigation refers to the application of water in small quantities at a rate of mostly less than 12 lph in the form of a drop in the plant area through a network of plastic pipes equipped with emitters.
■ Drip irrigation in its current form has become compatible with durable, easy-to-shape plastics in the variety and complexity of shapes required for tubes and emitters.
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| Drip irrigation system |
[ Image credit by:- Flickr]
MERITS OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
PLASTIC MUNCHING FOR CROP PRODUCTION
ADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC MULCHING
MERITS OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Increase the efficiency of water use
2.. better yield of the crop
3 Uniform and better product quality
4. efficient and economical use of fertilizers through fertigation
5. less weed growth
6. minimal damage to the soil structure
7. avoid leaf burns due to saline soil
8. Use in undulating areas and low permeability soils
9. low energy consumption
10. high uniformity suitable for atomization
DEMERITS OF THE DROP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Obstruction of drippers
2. chemical precipitation
3. Salt build-up on the wet front.
APPLICATORS FOR FERTIGATION OF FERTILIZER
■ This is the process of applying fertilizer through the irrigation system. The soil is negatively charged at high pH and the po4- will precipitate with the calcium and be absorbed with the clay.
■ The availability of phosphorus is very low at the time of the procedure due to precipitation.
■ Fertigation is likely to be at a high pH due to the availability of micronutrients such as iron, magnesium, etc. is lower due to precipitation.
■ Iron chylates are applied to prevent iron precipitation.
Zinc chilates are also good for preventing zinc precipitation.
ADVANTAGE OF FERTIGATION FERTILIZER APPLICATORS
1. Remove the manual application
2. fast and convenient
3. . uniformity of application
4. High efficiency and fertilizer savings up to 30-40%
5. less leaching of fertilizers
6. better penetration of phosphorus and potassium into the layer
7. Coordination of nutritional needs with the stage or development of the crop
8. possibility of such controls
9. Other pesticides, herbicides, acids, etc. can also be applied.
LIMITATIONS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATORS FOR FERTIGATION
1. Toxicity to the field worker
2. Possibility of backflow in the water source, for that in NRV and vacuum, as well as to install
3. Insoluble fertilizers are not suitable.
4. corrosive effect of the fertilizer
5. The main phosphate line precipitates in the tube and dripper due to the pH reaction.
6. high cost
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM  |
| Sprinkler irrigation system |
[Image credit by:-Flickr]
ADVANTAGE OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Removal of the channel for convenience, so there is no loss of comfort.
2. Suitable for all types of soil accepts heavy clays
3. suitable for irrigation of crops where the plant population per surface unit is very high
4. It is more suitable for oilseeds and other grain and vegetable crops.
5. water saving
6. Tighter control of convenient water application to provide light and frequent irrigation and greater efficiency in elector application
7. increased performance
8. system mobility
9.Can also be used for undulating areas, save the land as embankments are not needed etc.
10. influences a higher conductive microclimate
11. area located at the highest altitude where it is possible to water the fountain
12. possibility of using fertilizers and soluble chemicals
13. Less problem of clogging the sprinkler nozzle due to sediment-laden water.
CROP RESPONSE TO SPRINKLER
■ The experimentation conducted in different parts of the country has revealed that the water saving due to the irrigation system varies from 16 to 70% compared to the traditional method with field increases from 3 to 57% in different crops and agro-climatic conditions.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPRINKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Irrigation systems are classified into the following two main types based on the arrangement of the sprinkler irrigation water:
1. Adjustable head for rotating irrigation system. 2. Perforated tube
PLASTIC MUNCHING FOR CROP PRODUCTION
Mulch is the practical ground / soil cover process to create more favorable conditions for plant growth and development and for efficient crop production.
■ The technical term for mulch means that it covers the ground.
■ While natural mulches such as the leaf comma trace it leaves and compose have been around for a century in the past 60 years, the advent of synthetic material has altered the method and benefits of mulching.
■ Both research and available field data on the effect of synthetic mulches constitute a large body of useful literature.
■ Compared to other mulches, plastic mulch is completely permeable to water, thus preventing direct evaporation of moisture from the soil and thus limiting water loss and soil erosion on the surface.
■ In this way, it plays a positive role in water conservation. Separation of evaporation also has a complementary effect if it prevents the rising of salt-containing water, which is important in countries with high salt water resources.
ADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC MULCHING
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| Plastic mulch |
1. It is completely waterproof.
2. Prevents direct evaporation of moisture from the soil, thereby limiting water loss and conserving moisture.
3. by evaporative separation it prevents the rising of water containing salt
4. Mulch can facilitate fertilizer deposition and reduce nutrient loss from plants by leaching.
5. Mulch can also provide a barrier against soil pathogens.
6. MATT MULCHE Prevent annual weed germination from receiving light.
7. REFLECTIVE MOLLS repel some insects.
8. Mulches maintain a minimum temperature even overnight, allowing them to germinate quickly and young plants quickly establish a strong root growth system.
9. SYNTHETIC SPRINGS play an important role in the soil solarization process.
10. Mulches develop a microclimate in the underside of the seat that is richer in carbon dioxide due to a higher level of microbial activity.
11. Under mulch, the soil structure is maintained throughout the growing period
12. Early germination of almost 2 or 3 days
13. better nodulation in crops such as peanuts
14. less nematode population
15. Water erosion is completely avoided, as the soil is completely covered by the action of raindrops.
16. Compared to organic mulches, it serves for a longer period.
CONSERVATION OF HUMIDITY
■ The plastic film with its movement barrier property does not allow soil moisture to escape. The water evaporating from the soil surface under the mulch film condenses on the lower surface of the film and falls back like gout.
■ In this way the humidity is preserved for several days and the period between two irrigations increases.
■ Irrigation water or rain moves into the soil through holes in the mulch around the plant area or through the unsanded area.
CONTROL WEED
■ The black plastic film does not allow sunlight to pass to the ground.
■ Photosynthesis does not occur in the absence of sunlight below the black film, thus blocking weed growth.
LIMITATIONS
1. They are expensive to use in commercial production compared to organic mulches.
2. Probability of burn of the young plant due to the high temperature of the black film.
3. Difficulty applying top coat fertilizer
4. Reptile movements and rodent activity occur in some locations.
5. More runoff.
6. Environmental pollution.
7. Difficulty moving machinery
8. Cannot be used for more than one season using fine mulch
9. penetration of thin-film weeds
10. toxic to livestock.
TYPES OF FILM MULCH
■ A wide range of plastic films based on different types of polymers were evaluated for casting and at various times in the 1960s.
■ LDPE, HDPE and flexible PVC were used and, although there were some technical differences in performance, they were of a minor nature.
■ Due to its higher permeability to long wave radiation which can increase the temperature around the system at night, polyethylene is preferred.
■ Today, the vast majority of plastic mulch is based on LLDPE because it is cheaper to use.
BASIC PROPERTIES OF MULCH FILMS
1. Air resistant so that water vapor cannot escape.
2. Thermal test for maintaining temperature in preventing evaporation
3. Durable for at least one growing season
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