Method of fruit breeding | steps of fruit breeding method | what is mutation breeding | what is polyploidy breeding | what is hybridization and their steps | what is back cross

METHODS OF FRUIT BREEDING

Method of fruit breeding

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introduction

Selection

Clonal selection

Improvement of the mutation

Polploidy breeding

Hybridization

Rear crossover

Biotechnological approach

Genetic engineering (cell hybridization, protoplast fusion)

The whole topic is read by the fruit growing method.

INTRODUCTION

♢ Systematics in the induction and exchange of plant genetic resources of horticultural plants initiated by the Botanical Division, LX.RI. New Den (1946).

♢ Organization of introduction and exploration of plants (1956) ♢ Plant introduction division (1961)

♢ National Office of Plant Genetic Resources (1976)

PROCEDURE FOR INTRODUCTION TO THE FRUIT IMPROVEMENT METHOD

♢ Acquisition of the germplasm (gift, exchange, purchase)

♢ Cataloging (EC. IC. IW)

♢ Evaluation (Shimla, Jodhpur, Kanyakumari. Akola)

♢ Acclimatization ♢ Multiplication and distribution Merit

♢ New fruit plants like kiwi

♢ Superior variety (directly or after selection and hybridization) It is fast and cheap

♢ Unique method to harvest germplasm and protect variability from genetic erosion Demerit The introduction of plants can be associated with (weeds, diseases and pests.

SELECTION

♢ Most of today's fruit cultivars are the result of the selection of open pollinated seedlings for mixed populations.

♢ Nature of the population Large population> variation> inherited variation

i) Mix of clones

ii) From a few to several hundred selected higher plants (I "year)

iii) Clones of selected plants grown separately

iv) Selected desirable clones (second year)

v) Primary performance test with standard control and best clone selected from trnal preliminary performance (3rd year)

vi) Multi-site performance testing with standard verification e Best clone identified for launch variety: Tnial vield replicated (4th to 8th).

vii) The best clone released as a variety.

Collection of clonal variability

♢ Evaluation of the clone with respect to yield, quality and resistance to biotic stress. High-yielding, disease-free clones are selected, tested and multiplied for distribution to farmers.

Benefit

□ Easy and takes less time

□ Easy maintenance (no problems of crossing and loss of semen viability)

□ Unique method of reproduction in fruit plants with vegetative propagation Limitation

□ Limited possibilities of obtaining a new and useful type of variability □ Low multiplication

□ Only useful for plants with vegetative propagation

BREEDING MUTATIONS

♢ The sudden inherited change in the characteristics of the plant is called a mutation.

♢ Spontaneous (without male treatment)

♢ Induced (physical and chemical) Stages of reproduction of the mutation

♢ Objectives of the program

♢ Variety selection

♢ Part of the treated plant (or sexually propagated plant seeds or pollen grains, or asexually propagated plant sprouts or cuttings)

♢ The dose of muagen (maximum frequency of mutation and minimum cause of death) depends on the intensity and time of treatment

♢ Mutagenic treatment

♢ Implant manipulated or treated with mutagens

MUTAGES

A. Physical mutagens

1. Ionizing radiation

a. Partial radiation (alpha rays, beta rays, fast neutrons, thermal neurons) B. Non-particulate radiation (X-rays, gamma rays)

C. Non-ionizing radiation (ultraviolet radiation)

SOME RESULTS

● MANGO: - Rosica of the Peruvian variety Rosado -de -lea

● Papaya: - Pusa Nanha of local type

● Grapes: - Marvel Seedless Delight

● Banana: - Highgate by gros Michel, Motta Poovan by poovan

● Orange: - Washington's Fall Gold.

● Grapefruit: Thompson's red blush

POLYPLOIDY BREEDING

♢ The individual carrying a number of chromosomes other than the diploid is known as a polyploid and the situation is known as a heteroplast.

♢ It is used to obtain large fruits with a dwart type plant (illaichi ber cultivars are octaploid, but the size of the fruit is very small, it is an exception).

♢ Triploids (tetraploids x diploids) are useful for obtaining seedless varieties.

HYBRIDIZATION

The crossing of different plants or lines or genotypes is known as hybridization.

INTERVARIETAL HYBRIDIZATION: the parents belong to the same species. They can be two strains, variety of breeds of the same species. Also known as intraspecific hybridization.

A.) Simple crossing: two parents are crossed to produce F1 (A X B): F1 B.) Complex crossing: more than two parents are crossed to produce the hybrid.

B.) Distant hybridization: crosses between different species of the same genus or of different genera, when two species of the same genuz cross each other (interspecific hybridization) but belong to different genera (intergeneric hybridization).

Achievement

Mango: - Mallika, Amrapali, Pusa Arunima, Arka anmol

Guava: - Arka Amulya, safeda jam, kohir safeda

Litchi: - Sabour madhu, sabour priya Papaya: - CO3, CO2

Sapota: - DHS1, DHS2

Grapes: - pusa.navrang, pusa urvashi, arka shyam

Pomegranate: - Mridula

Ber: - CIAH Hybrid 1

custrad apple: - arka sahan

HYBRIDATION PROCEDURE

1. Choice of parents: - Depends on the breeding program.

2. Parental evaluation: - If parental performance is unknown, an evaluation is required.

3. Evacuation: - To avoid self-fertilization (hand, suction, hot water, alcohol treatment, cold treatment, genetics)

4. Bagging: - To avoid random cross-pollination

5. Labeling: - Date of castration and pollination, name of female and male parents.

6. Pollination: - Mature, fertile and vital pollen must be placed on the receptive stigma.

7. Collecting and storing F1 seeds: - Recalcitrant seeds should be sown immediately, orthodox seeds can be removed for a longer time.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH

Application of biotechnological tools in the effective improvement plan in 3 ways:

1. Rapid multiplication of existing clones and related varieties.

2. Speed up the conventional reproduction process.

3. Conservation of germplasm and development of new genotypes through genetic engineering technology.

MICROPROPAGATION: - Fast clonal multiplication of banana, pineapple, date plant, strawberry

STORAGE OF GERMPLASM: - Possibility of losses in conventional methods of germplasm due to an attack of pests and diseases, climatic disorder, natural disaster.

OTHER CROPS: - Produces haploid plants by repeated division of microspores or immature pollen grains.

CULTURE OF EMBRYOS: - Cultivation of plant embryos removed in an artificial medium. Problem in transferring resistance from wild to cultivated species.

SOMACLONAL VARIATION: - Variation in the number of chromosomes, structural variation of the chromosome by deletion, duplication, translocation, genetic and cytoplasmic mutation. Somaclonal variation is an excellent method of shortening breeding schedules.

GENETIC ENGINEERING: - Transfer of any gene from any organism to another.

Pollination mode

◇ The transfer of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma is called pollination.

autogamy: - The pollen grain of the anther falls on the stigma of the same flower on the same plant is the term for self-pollination or autogamy.

Allogamy: - The pollen grain from the transfer of the flower of the plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant is known as cross-pollination or allogamia.

Geitonogamy: - The pollen of the flower of the plant falls on the stigma of the other flower of the same plant.

condition of autogamy

Hermaphroditic and perfect flower: - Both the male and the plant part are present in a single flower, but sometimes the perfect flower is not completely self-pollinated due to self-incompatibility. The self-pollinated fruits are citrus guava.

Cleistogamy: - The dehiscence of the pollen grain occurs before the opening of the flower, an example of a grape.

Homogamy: - the male and female parts of the flower ripen simultaneously, favoring self-pollination, for example the apricot of citrus fruits.

condition of allogamy

A. unisexuality / dicliny: - monoceious (jackfruit anola nut)

Diocious (kiwi date palm)

B. dichotomy: - the stamen and pistil of the hermaphrodite flower mature at different times, facilitating cross-pollination

1. protandry: - first the androecum matures and then the gynoecium, for example coconut.

2. protogyny: - ripens first and then androece, for example pomegranate banana

C. Self-incompatibility: - Non-fertilization of the same flower or of another flower on the same plant by the pollen of a flower.

1. Gametophyte: - the incompatibility reaction of pollen is determined by its own genotype and not by the genotype of the plant in which it is produced, for example: apple, apple, pear, plum, etc.

2. Sporophytic: - the pollen incompatibility reaction is regulated by the genotype of the plant in which the pollen is produced, not by the type of pollen.

Example: mango.

D. male sterility: - the presence of non-functional pollen grains in the flower favors cross-pollination, for example triploid banana

E. Heterostyly: - presence of variable length of a style preferring to condition heterostically which favor cross pollination.

1. pinhead: - pomegranate

2. Drum head: - almond

F. environmental factor: -

1. Strawberry grown where the soil produces sterile pollen.

2. The pear is self-fertile in California's fertile soils.

3. The Bosch pear is fruitful in New York and regular parthenocarpic in South Africa.

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