Water use efficiency | calculation of water use efficiency | Need based water use efficiency | way to improve economic and consumptive water use efficiency | conservation of water | crop water requirements | water requirements | calculation of water requirements | factor of water requirements | irrigation requirements | critical stages for irrigation | water use efficiency formula | water use efficiency in irrigation

WATER USE EFFICIENCY

Water use efficiency

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● It refers to the ratio between the water used by the plant in the metabolism of the plant and the water lost by the plants through transpiration.

● Water use efficiency is the ability of the crop to produce biomass per unit of transpirated water.

● Efficiency in water use has been considered as an important component of adaptation to water stress, where the identification of genotypes with high yield and high efficiency in water use is important, especially for countries in way of development.

● The improvement in the efficiency of water use in agriculture is associated with an increase in the fraction of the available water resource that transpires due to the inevitable association between yield and use of water.

● The water use efficiency was calculated by dividing the grain yield by the biomass yield by the total amount of water added. Therefore, water use efficiency for grain yield was calculated from grain yield and water use efficiency for biomass yield was estimated from biomass and according to East and Hill 1987 as follows:

WUEG = grain yield (ton) / total water used (gallons)

WUEB = Biomass yield (tons) / total water used (gallons)

■ A new method is used to measure the efficiency of water use for the photosynthesis meter (LCI).

■ This instrument measures photosynthesis and evapotranspiration.

Water use efficiency can be achieved with photosynthesis divided by the amount of evapotranspiration.

CALCULATION

● Water use efficiency is generally calculated based on grains in the total biomass produced per unit of water consumed by crops.

● The total water used by the plant represents the conjunction of water and is estimated from the total loss of water by evapotranspiration.

● Water use efficiency is the ratio of the dry matter production of a plant divided by evapotranspiration.

● Therefore, the equation for water use efficiency will be written as: -

production of dry matter divided by evapotranspiration (in mm).

● Actually, it should only be a beneficial use of water, but as it is difficult to separate T from E, evapotranspiration is used.

WUE ACCORDING TO YOUR NEEDS: -

● Steel has ample scope for improving the efficiency of water use and reducing the risk of causing diffuse pollution through over-irrigation by improving the farm's irrigation system.

● Two ways to do this are to implement a drip irrigation system and an irrigation system that improve the efficiency of water use compared to the conventional technique (such as the gravity system, which includes full irrigation of the entire field and for irrigation using shallow ditch canals to bring water to the crop).

WAY TO IMPROVE WATER CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

WATER CONSERVATION

● Reduce the loss of comfort by lining the ducts or preferably using closed ducts.

● Reduce direct evaporation during irrigation by avoiding medium irrigation.

● Minimize folia interception by shopping under the canopy instead of spraying overhead. Reduce runoff loss and percolation due to excessive irrigation.

● Reduce evaporation from bare soil by mulching and keeping the underground strips dry.

● Reduce weed sweating by keeping strips between rows dry and applying control measures where necessary.

IMPROVEMENT OF CROP GROWTH

● select the most suitable and marketable crop for the region.

● Use the optimal time for planting and harvesting.

● use optimal processing, avoid excessive cultivation. Use proper insect, pest, and disease control.

● Apply manure and green manure when possible and fertilize effectively.

● Practice soil conservation for long-term sustainability.

● Avoid progressive salinization by monitoring the rise in the water table and the first signs of salt accumulation and by using appropriate drainage.

● watered frequently and in the exact quantity necessary to avoid the water deficit, taking into account the climatic conditions and the growth stage of the crop.

CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

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It is the water that the plant needs for its survival and growth development and to produce cheap parts.

● This requirement is applied naturally by precipitation or artificially by irrigation.

● In the water requirement of the crop, include all losses such as: -

A. loss of sweat through the leaves

B. Loss by evaporation across the soil surface in the cultivated area.

C. amount of time taken by the plant for its metabolic activities, estimated at less than 1% of the total water absorption, end point, these three components cannot be separated so easily. Therefore, evapotranspiration loss is considered to be the use of culture water for the consumed use of culture water.

D. Other application losses are loss of convenience, loss of percolation, loss of loss, etc. The water needed for a special purpose such as during operation after the operation, the requirement of soil preparation for leaching for the purpose of weeding, for dissolving fertilizers and chemicals, etc.

Therefore, the water requirement is symbolically represented as: -

WATER REQUIREMENTS

● It is defined as the amount of water required by the crop or a diversified crop pattern over a given period of time for its normal growth under field conditions in a location.

● The water requirement includes losses due to evapotranspiration of joint use and losses during the application of water for irrigation and the amount of water required for a purpose or dimension of the special operation is soil preparation, transplantation, leaching, etc.

Therefore, it can be formulated as follows:

WR = ET O CU + Loss of application + water for special needs.

It can also be set according to the source of supply and demand as follows:

WR = IR + ER + S

where is it,

IR = irrigation requirements

ER = actual rainfall

S = contribution of the water table

Therefore, the idea of water needs for crops is essential for farm planning regarding the total amount of water needed and its efficient use for various farming schemes on the farm or project area. This water requirement for cultivation is also needed to decide the size of the flow and design the capacity of the canal.

● The combined loss of evaporation and transpiration from the cultivated field is called evapotranspiration, also known as conjunctive use and is referred to as ET and this is part of the water requirement.

CU = E + T + WP

Then,

WR = CU + WL + WSP

● The water requirement of crops varies from place to place, from crop to crop and depends on agroecological variation and the characteristics of the crops.

● The following characteristics that mainly affect the water requirement of the crop are: -

1. Crop factor

A variety

B. Stages of growth

C. Duration

D. Plant population

E. Crop growing season

2. Soil factor

A structure

B. Texture

C. Depth

D. Topography

E. Soil chemical

F. Compositions

3. Climatic factors

A temperature

B. The hour of the sun

C. Relative humidity

D. Wind speed

E. Precipitation

4. Agronomic management factors

To the methods of irrigation

B. Frequency of irrigation and its effectiveness

C. Tillage and other cultural operations such as weeding, compost, etc

IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS

IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS

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The irrigation requirement of the mowing field for the water needs of the crops excluding actual rainfall and the contribution of the soil profile and can be given as follows:

IR = WR - (ER + S)

IR = IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS

WR = WATER REQUIREMENTS

ER = EFFECTIVE RAIN

S = CONTRIBUTION OF SOIL HUMIDITY

Irrigation requirements depend on: -

Need for irrigation of a single crop based on the growing area

B. leaks in the farm's water distribution system, etc.

All quantities are generally expressed in terms of water per unit of land surface (ha / cm) or unit of death (cm).

CRITICAL PHASE FOR IRRIGATION

● The phase in which the effective reduction of the water bed is also known as the critical phase of the water requirement.

● Also known as the motion sensitive period. Moisture stress due to the respective water supply during the moisture sensitive period or critical phase will irrevocably reduce the performance vocabulary.

● Providing adequate water and fertilizer at other stages of growth will also not help recover yield loss due to stresses such as critical periods.

● In general, the mid-season phase is the period most sensitive to water scarcity because the scarcity during this period will significantly affect the yield.

● For most crops, the least sensitive stages are ripening and harvesting, with the exception of vegetables such as lettuce, cabbage, etc., which need water until harvest.

● Under care conditions, in an irrigation project or on a farm, if monoculture is followed by staggered sowing for planting, it is best to schedule irrigation to the crop that has reached the midseason stage as it is the more critical stage.

● The sensitive phase varies from crop to crop, as follows: -

1. Coco: swelling of the roots in the nursery

2. Initiation and maturity of the potato and tuber

3. banana - during growth

4. citrus fruits: flowering, fruit set and growth

5. mango - flowering

6. coffee - development of flowering and fruiting

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